Conceptual Dictionary

Conceptual Dictionary
Utalitarian Project: Connor Kirkwood, Scott Andreas, Patrick Sweeney, Paul Lyskawinski

Attitude of Happiness:

The best way to obtain happiness is to aim for the highest of virtues

Act Utilitarianism:

A person's action is morally correct or just if and only if it produces more happiness than any other action present at that time. (Choice between two actions in a situation. The correct one is the one that produces more happiness)

Concepts of Pleasures:

-It is an unquestionable fact that, even if presented with equal opportunity to all types of pleasures, humans will strive for the pleasures that appear to be more enticing (aka high quality pleasures). People of higher status or facility will never strive for a pleasure that is lesser than them but always for a higher quality pleasure to preserve his dignity. (Ex: humans do not wish to be animals. A teacher does not wish to be a student.)

Equality:

Everyone should have right to believe in his religion. We can’t judge others believes by thinking that what we believe in is right. Treatment of people in the same way with the same value.

Expediency:    

The act/idea of going against society in moral aspects and in general. Mill states that it is immoral to go against society for that detracts happiness from the people.

Happiness (Theory):

It is a feeling of well being, characterized by pleasant emotions. It is not experienced because of having big amount of money. Every human seeks happiness in his or her life. It’s a necessary emotion, which is experienced by every human being. In Mill’s opinion if  each person aims to maximize his or her happiness, overall effect will be to maximize pleasure of all. Even egoists think about other people happiness.

Happiness:

Positive emotion and the feeling of well-being that detracts from negative emotions and or pain in life.

High Quality Pleasure:

A pleasure that would be chosen over any other pleasure even if the pleasure contains discomfort

Highest of Virtues:

The action of one giving up their happiness in sacrifice to allow another to gain happiness

Liberty:

A person should be left as free to pursue his own interests as does not harm the interests of others. Person should have right to expand his interests.

Low Quality Pleasure:

If a pleasure that does not meet the requirements of the high quality pleasure or is not chosen over another pleasure. It still brings happiness to a being.

Pleasures:

Anything that brings happiness or contentedness to a human being

Principle of Utility/Greatest Happiness Theory:

Actions are right/morally correct if they promote happiness and do away with pain, wrong if they produce the opposite of happiness and cause pain.

Rule Utilitarianism:

It is the action of determining the best rule/guideline to a situation and acting upon this situations with the choice that contains the lesser amount of consequences  

Sacrifice:

The action of giving up one’s good for the good of others as long as it promotes happiness. If it does not promote happiness it is a bad sacrifice

Sympathy:

Understanding or need of another human being. People have natural sympathy to each other. According to Mill’s thoughts Jesus and Socrates can have played important roles because they could captive overall sympathy to bring better social structures.

Teleology:

The outcome of the situation determines what is morally right. (Happiness must be produced and when it is produced it must be for the whole over the individual).

Utilitarianism:

The theory/doctrine that states an action is morally correct/just/right if it benefits the majority over the few or over the one. If one strives for the happiness of just him/herself it is morally incorrect.

Utilitarianism Calculus/ Hedonic Calculus:

The method of working out (or calculating) the amount of happiness and pain produced, which equals the total sum of consequences, of an act or choice.

Utility:

The presence of Happiness and the absence of pain as a basis for desires and morals.

Virtue:

Behavior that is morally correct and benefits the lives of others.

General Justice:

Expressed in relation to other people.

Particular Justice:

A proper function of a thing ex. eye.

Kant(Moral):

Something that is right from a human reason.

Moral obligation:

Must be obeyed by all in all situations.

Categorical Imperative:

A decision made by us in a situation.

Good will:

The will that acts from freedom and respect to the moral law.

The Social Contract:

Right to choose the law under we live in. Only people who are sovereign, have that all-powerful right.

Christian Realism:

Kingdom of God cannot be realized on earth because of the corrupt tendencies of society.

Humanistic Altruism:

Selfless concern for the well-being of others. Sacrificing something for someone(time, energy, possessions) with no expectation of any benefits.

Personal Sin: 

An act which makes us personally guilty

Social Sin:

The sin whose subject is society. Ex. drug abuse, excessive wealth, creating poverty, polluting the environment.

Social injustice:

Customs, opinions, laws or worldviews that are not treating people in equal way and are prejudiced because of their religion, origin, gender, possessions, race etc.

Aristotle:

The goal of life is happiness. Happiness lasts only for a while.

Veil of ignorance:

A view of approaching things with bias.

A sovereign person:

Person that has a freedom to act, which doesn't affect others sovereignty.

Human dignity:

Worth as human beings.

Works of Justice(in details):

• We can’t use others as instruments to earn our own profit. We can’t use someone just to get benefits for us.
• Don’t allow ourselves to be suborned by positions of power. We should have our own minds and not to do bad things(such as theft) because someone makes us to do them.
• Fight for other people. Support people who don’t have freedom. Fight with unjust. Contribute and speak up to support changes.

Dehumanization:

Changing people into things by dominating them.

Humanization:

Supporting the right conditions for personal meanings of life. service of mankind.

Egoist: 

Person, who denials from love. Person concerned only about himself.

Depersonalize:

Make someone feel divorced from his feelings and behaviors as not belonging to the same person.

Agents of Change: 

Actively undertaking to reform unjust structures.

Men and Women for Others: 

We are an examples for other people. We are Men and Women who live for God. Provides something for others. Teachers, Parents…. Men and Women who show their love and understanding to other people. People who teach other people. Shape faith.

Marking Period 2

Norms:

Accepted behaviour and are set by agent group. Described roles in society.

Subordinate groups (target groups):

Groups that don’t suit to cycle of socialization and is often considered different.

Agent groups:

Groups that fit into cycle of socialization.

Stereotypes:

Idea about a group of people coming from stories or believes.

Assumptions: 

Things that are accepted.

Cycle of socialization:  

Social identity.

Critical transformation: 

Understanding of not fitting into cycle of socialization and going against norms.

System: 

Set of norms in a society.

Socialization: 

A process of inheriting norms, customs and ideologies.

• norms - accepted behaviour and are set by agent group. Described roles in society.
• subordinate groups (target groups) - groups that don’t suit to cycle of socialization and is often considered different.
• agent groups - groups that fit into cycle of socialization.
• stereotypes - idea about a group of people coming from popular stories or beliefs.
• assumptions - things that are accepted.
• cycle of socialization - social identity
• critical transformation - understanding of not fitting into cycle of socialization and going against norms
• system - set of norms in a society
• socialization - a process of inheriting norms, customs and ideologies

gender, ethnicity, sexual orientation, disabilities, economic background,

Identities that we are expected to:

• have a family
• They advise me what proffesion I should choose
• earn money
• have a girlfriend
• manners
• respectful
• polite
• study
• hard working
• religious
• accepting
• self dependent

Institutions I was socialized:

• ISoP school
• Private school EUREKA
• roman catholic church

Stories

The three articles were about people that are different ethnicity. In the three stories I saw people hard working on farms such as apple farm. I saw people escaping to other country to have a better life to USA.

• low wages
• prostitution
• farm workers
• immigrants
• job insecure
• women used for money
• people trying to prevent trafficking

Social identity categories:

• Women
• Latinas
• African
• Americans

• illegal
• little education
• young
• without families
• trust security
• cartels
• gangs
• consumers
• businesses ex. Walmart
• China

Judge Social Contract:

They were denied basic rights. They were treated unequal. They were using the image of opportunity to use another person. After being manipulations they were denied their opurtinities. They were treated not equally, they were treated as a way to get money. Unjust situation.

Agent:

• consumers
• businesses
• traffickers

Target:

• workers
• women

Agents for change:

• people who work for change

In the US economic norms: middle class is a norm

What does Economic Inequality means?

• unequal salary (income)

• growing Gap between rich and poor

It means that one person doesn’t have the same opportunities as other person.

Until 1979 the growth of income of most of the classes was equal but after 1979 when people started to invest the upper class started to separate from the other classes.

Economic class:

• Standards: income, expemses,
• strong “middle class”

Middle class:

• not rich
• cars
• education
• can meet all the needs
• home
• vacation
• pension

Family management:

• Instrumental Functions - money, material things
• Expressive Functions - emotions,
• Managers Roles - a person that manages the family, (mother)
• Causes of Shifts in family management - women started to take the important role in family after II World War
• Value identification - college is important
• Decision Making Style - autocratic, democratic, small group of family, big family meeting
• Situational Variables - aspects of life that may alter the decisions of a family, like finances and family dynamics

Budget: can be monthly, weekly, annual. It is a economic plan 

Loan: borrowed money. Must be returned but with additional fees

Interest: percent added to the amount of money( like in loan)

Salary: amount of money earned which does not include tax

Living Wage: minimum amount of money needed to pay for basic necessities

Marking period 3

privilege - benefit that some group of people have and other doesn’t

legal privilege - immunity from prosecution that came from the court or can be traded to obtain information by the Police for testifying

positional privilege - access to benefits that are available for the person, who works to be on that position and receives advantages from it.

social privilege - it is a privilege that is seen in interactions between people, it is unconscious and in the background.

Cultural norm - interaction between people based on social and cultural norms. For ex. giving a seat on a bus to the elderly

Group membership - being a member in a specific group. For ex. membership in gender or ethnicity

Economic privilege - is a privilege that comes from having money.  People with more money have more economical privilege.

The privilege transaction - some people give privilege and some people want to receive it.

Ability - being able to feel another person and being without mental disability.

Gender Privilege - male and masculine individuals

Gender Identity - the way how someone identifies and express oneself in gender terms

Passing - an ability to be seen as a part  of another group.

Racial Privilege - a privilege of being a race that is considered have power, money and influence.

Religious Privilege - being a member of dominant religion

Sexuality Privilege - a heterosexual privilege, which makes people that are different sexuality feel worse.

Stereotypes - an image of a group of people made based on general opinion. They may contain small grain of truth. They are mostly negative.

Sexism - discrimination because of sex

Misogyny - a distrust to women

Ageism - discrimination because of age

Xenophobia - fear of strangers or anything that feels strange

Individual discrimination - a discrimination from one individual or group of individuals

Institutional discrimination - a discrimination from important social institutions